第 3 章 鸽巢原理
EX1
Concerning Application 4, show that there is a succession of days during which the chess master will have played exactly k games, for each k = 1,2, ... ,21. (The case k = 21 is the case treated in Application 4.) Is it possible to conclude that there is a succession of days during which the chess master will have played exactly 22 games?
参考答案给出的思路,记
和
每组序列都满足单增且大小都为 77,序列 (1) 中没有重复元素,序列 (2) 中也没有重复元素。
序列 (1) 的上界为
综上,序列 (1) 和序列 (2) 的上界为 153,也即最多有 153 个不同的数。而序列中一共有 154 个数, 由鸽巢原理序列 (1) 中至少有一个数
可以求出,
一个不太完善的想法 💊
我们采用和书上一致的证法,设
之后考虑序列
序列 (1) 和序列 (2) 中的所有元素一定落在区间[1, 132+k],且序列中一共有
这个时候会漏掉 k=22 的情况,解决方案就是像参考答案一样,考虑压缩序列 (2) 的范围我们只选择从
这时候选择的部分不是
EX2 ⭐
* Concerning Application 5, show that if 100 integers are chosen from 1,2, ... ,200, and one of the integers chosen is less than 16, then there are two chosen numbers such that one of them is divisible by the other.
EX3
Generalize Application 5 by choosing (how many?) integers from the set {1, 2, ..., 2n}.
至少选择 n+1 个数来保证它们中的一个能被另一个整除。
因为任意一个整数都可以写成
对于从 1 到 2n 的整数,a 的取值为 1,3,5,...,2n-1,共有 n 个集合,由鸽巢原理,n+1 个数至少存在 2 个数落在同一集合中。
EX4
Show that if n + 1 integers are chosen from the set {1, 2, ... , 2n}, then there are always two which differ by 1.
记从集合中选取的数为
可以得出范围
与上述中的范围矛盾,因此假设不成立。
采用鸽巢原理进行集合划分,把集合划分成
EX5
Show that if n + 1 distinct integers are chosen from the set {1, 2, ... , 3n}, then there are always two which differ by at most 2.
同上,可以把集合进行划分,并使用鸽巢原理。
EX6
Generalize Exercises 4 and 5.
Show that if n + 1 integers are chosen from the set {1, 2, ... , kn}, then there are always two which differ by at most k-1(in other words, kess than k).
把集合按照如下方式进行划分,再使用鸽巢原理。
EX7 ⭐
* Show that for any given 52 integers there exist two of them whose sum, or else whose difference, is divisible by 100.
EX8
Use the pigeonhole principle to prove that the decimal expansion of a rational number min eventually is repeating. For example,
将分数记为两个正整数 m 和 n 的比值,即 m/n。 对于整数
之后考虑分数
那么分数
所以,
提示
p44 鸽巢原理的推论证明。
EX9
In a room there are 10 people, none of whom are older than 60 (ages are given in whole numbers only) but each of whom is at least 1 year old.Prove that we can always find two groups of people (with no common person) the sum of whose ages is the same.Can 10 be replaced by a smaller number?
考虑 10 个人划分组的所有情况,一共有
EX10
A child watches TV at least one hour each day for seven weeks but, because of parental rules, never more than 11 hours in anyone week. Prove that there is some period of consecutive days in which the child watches exactly 20 hours of TV. (It is assumed that the child watches TV for a whole number of hours each day.)
本质还是大师下棋问题,我们设
同时,考虑如下序列,
两组序列一共有 154 个数,每个序列严格递增,并且都在区间[1, 97]中, 由鸽巢原理一定存在 i 和 j 满足
EX10PS
本题条件比 EX1「宽松」很多。
EX11
A student has 37 days to prepare for an examination. From past experience she knows that she will require no more than 60 hours of study. She also wishes to study at least 1 hour per day. Show that no matter how she schedules her study time (a whole number of hours per d!1y, however), there is a succession of days during which she will have studied exactly 13 hours.
仍旧是大师下棋问题,这次我们练习另一种解法。
记
和
显然两组序列单增,并且范围在[1, 73]之间,并且一共有 74 个序列,那么一定存在分别来自 (1) 和 (2) 的两个序列,使得
也即从第 j+1 天到第 i 天一共学习 13 小时。
EX12
Show by example that the conclusion of the Chinese remainder theorem (Application 6) need not hold when m and n are not relatively prime.
采用反证法证明该结论不成立,举例取 m=4, n = 6, 因此
EX13 ⭐
* Let S be a set of six points in the plane, with no three of the points collinear. Color either red or blue each of the 15 line segments determined by the points of S. Show that there are at least two triangles determined by points of S which are either red triangles or blue triangles. (Both may be red, or both may be blue, or one may be red and the other blue.)
EX14
A bag contains 100 apples, 100 bananas, 100 oranges, and 100 pears. If I pick one piece of fruit out of the bag every minute, how long will it be before I am assured of having picked at least a dozen pieces of fruit of the same kind?
由极端原理,考虑最差的情况所有水果都只取出了 11 个,此时花费 44 分钟。 那么下一次一定会出现一打相同种类的水果,即至少 45 分钟会拿出一打相同水果。
EX15
Prove that, for any n + 1 integers
, there exist two of the integers and with such that is divisible by n.
对于任意整数,总可以写成
即两数之差被 n 整除。
EX16
Prove that in a group of n > 1 people there are two who have the same number of acquaintances in the group. (It is assumed that no one is acquainted with oneself. )
一共有 n 个人,那么可能认识人数的集合为
假设每个人认识的人数都不同,那么我们会发现存在 Alice 并不认识任何人而 Bob 认识所有人的矛盾情况,因此假设不成立。
EX16PS
需要强调的是题目中的认识关系是相互的,也就是说我认识你就等于你认识我,不存在我认识你而你不认识我的情况。
EX17
There are 100 people at a party. Each person has an even number (possibly zero) of acquaintances. Prove that there are three people at the party with the same number of acquaintances.
考虑按照认识的人数划分集合,记
显然如果某个集合
如果存在
那么,所有集合的大小只能为 2,则出现
EX18
Prove that of any five points chosen within a square of side length 2, there are two whose distance apart is at most
.
把 2×2 的正方形划分为 4 个 1×1 的正方形,由鸽巢原理,存在一个正方形内至少有两个点,而同一个小正方形中最远的距离是
EX19
(a) Prove that of any five points chosen within an equilateral(等边的) triangle of side length 1, there are two whose distance apart is at most
. (b) Prove that of any 10 points chosen within an equilateral triangle of side length 1, there are two whose distance apart is at most
. (c) Determine an integer mn such that if mn points are chosen within an equilateral triangle of side length 1, there are two whose distance apart is at most 1/n.
EX19Q(a)&Q(b)
根据 EX18 的做法,题目的关键是如何分割等边三角形,分割方法如下。
EX19Q(c)
只需要把每条边 n 等分,然后平行于另外两条边做平行线。 考虑到等边三角形的面积公式为
一共分割出
EX20
Prove that
.
考虑
任选一个点 x,与它相连的边有 16 条,由鸽巢原理加强版可知,至少存在
那么对于与 x 相连的点
综上,17 个点可以构造出
EX20PS
首先要知道各个符号的含义,
第二点就是证明的是小于等于而不是等于,后者还需要证明 16 个点不一定存在
EX21 ⭐
* Prove that r(3, 3, 3) 2: 17 by exhibiting a coloring, with colors red, blue, and green, of the line segments joining 16 points with the property that there do not exist three points such that the three line segments joining them are all colored the same.
EX22
Prove that
Use this result to obtain an upper bound for
仿照答案进行回答,记
考虑仿造 EX20 构造,
任取一点 x,与它相连的 m-1 条边中至少有 n 条具有相同颜色 (鸽巢原理加强版
因此有
下面求
目前由上面的证明已知
不等式两边分别求和得,
移项整理,并用排列数表示,
EX23
The line segments joining 10 points are arbitrarily colored red or blue. Prove that there must exist three points such that the three line segments joining them are all red, or four points such that the six line segments joining them are all blue (that is,
).
带入公式,显然有上述结论。
但是证明这个不等式本身也很复杂(试卷上写不开),所以还是考虑使用定义证明。
还是任取一点 x,记与 x 相连的 9 条线中红色的线有 m 条,蓝色的线有 n 条,并且 m+n=9 进行分类讨论。
当
当
综上,
EX23PS
Q:为什么想到根据
A:我想说,要是不看前人的解答,我也想不出来。 因为直观想法也是根据鸽巢原理加强版计算出可能的边界是
EX24
Let
and t be positive integers with . Determine the Ramsey number .
先说结论
考虑全都使用绿色给
考虑
综上,有
EX24PS
参考链接中的回答,突然意识到
EX25
Let
be positive integers, where . Let m be the largest of · Show that Conclude that, to prove Ramsey's theorem, it is enough to prove it in the case that
.
设
又因为
得
EX26
Suppose that the mn people of a marching band are standing in a rectangular formation of m rows and n columns in such a way that in each row each person is taller than the one to his or her left. Suppose that the leader rearranges the people in each column in increasing order of height from front to back. Show that the rows are still arranged in increasing order of height from left to right.
从队列中取第 j 列和第 j+1 列进行分析,
并且定义**匹配(match)**状态为:重拍前两人站在同一行则是匹配状态。
假设重排后第 i 行不满足结论,即有
此外,可知第 j 列且在第 i 行后面的人一定不矮于第 i 行,
EX26PS
答案看着比较短小,但总觉得不是很通顺,感觉如果考这题会很考验语言能力。
答案的大致意思是,左侧后面的人比右侧前面的人高(应该说不比他们矮),那么这些人一定不是右侧那些人曾经的匹配对象(右侧的匹配对象一定要高于左侧),那么右侧前 i 行人只能从左侧前 i-1 行找匹配对象,这样匹配对象就不唯一了。
画图更直观一些。
EX27
A collection of subsets of {1, 2, ... ,n} has the property that each pair of subsets has at least one element in common. Prove that there are at most
subsets in the collection.
设有 k 个不同子集
EX27PS
中文翻译有些歧义,求{1, 2, ... ,n}满足要求的子集构成的集合,最多有
EX28
At a dance party there are 100 men and 20 women. For each i from 1, 2, ... , 100, the ith man selects a group of
women as potential dance partners (his "dance list," if you will), but in such a way that given any group of 20 men, it is always possible to pair the 20 men with the 20 women, with each man paired with a woman on his dance list. What is the smallest sum for which there is a selection of dance lists that will guarantee this?
对于第 j 位女士,设
若
下证存在
对于前 20 位男士,第 i 位男士只选择第 i 位女士,
并且任意选出 20 位男士都可以找到舞伴。
EX29
A number of different objects have been distributed into n boxes
. All the objects from these boxes are removed and redistributed into n + 1 new boxes , with no new box empty (so the total number of objects must be at least n + 1). Prove that there are two objects each of which has the property that it is in a new box that contains fewer objects than the old box that contained it.
把新盒子与旧盒子均按递增排列,并且由题意知新盒子非空,旧盒子可能为空,确定下界。
新旧盒子中的对象数量相等,因此不妨设
显然,我们有两个边界值
在数列中总能找到 r,满足
目前已证明了当
下证,
此时,必须满足